Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

October 3, 2020

Overview

Conjugated linoleic acid refers to a type of fat. Dairy products and beef are the major sources of conjugated linoleic acid in the diet. An average diet supplies 15-174 mg of conjugated linoleic acid daily.

Conjugated linoleic acid is commonly taken by mouth for weight loss. It is also often used for bodybuilding and fitness, but there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses.

Classification

Is a Form of:

Fat

Primary Functions:

Weight Loss

Also Known As:

Acide Linoléique Conjugué, Acide Linoléique Conjugué Cis-9

How Does It Work?

Conjugated linoleic acid might help reduce body fat deposits and improve immune function.

Uses

High blood pressure. Taking conjugated linoleic acid along with the blood pressure drug ramipril seems to reduce blood pressure more than ramipril alone in people with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
Obesity. Taking conjugated linoleic acid by mouth daily might help decrease body fat in adults. Also, conjugated linoleic acid might reduce feelings of hunger, but it's not clear if this leads to reduced food intake. Conjugated linoleic acid does not seem to decrease body weight or body mass index (BMI) in most people. Also, taking conjugated linoleic acid does not seem to prevent weight gain in previously obese people who lost some weight. Adding conjugated linoleic acid to fatty foods does not seem to promote weight loss. However, adding conjugated linoleic acid to milk might help decrease body fat in obese adults. In children, taking 3 grams of conjugated linoleic acid daily seems to help reduce body fat. While conjugated linoleic acid might help reduce body weight, some research shows that taking a particular form of conjugated linoleic acid (the trans-10,cis-12 isomer) might increase risk factors for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. It's not clear whether supplements containing different forms of conjugated linoleic acid have this same risk.

Recommended Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH

For obesity:a dose of 1.8 to 7 grams per day has been used. However, doses greater than 3.4 grams per day do not seem to offer any additional benefit.
For high blood pressure: conjugated linoleic acid 4.5 grams per day along with ramipril (Altace) 37.5 mg/day has been used for 8 weeks.

CHILDREN

BY MOUTH

For obesity: a dose of 3 grams per day for 7 months has been used in overweight children aged 6 to 10 years.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplements Frequently Asked Questions

Is CLA good for weight loss?

Research in humans shows that CLA has only a modest weight loss benefit. One review of these studies evaluated its long-term effectiveness on fat loss in overweight and obese participants. It concluded that taking 2.4–6 grams per day for 6–12 months reduced body fat by 2.93 lbs (1.33 kg), compared to placebo ( 20 ).

What does conjugated linoleic acid do for the body?

CLA is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in meat and dairy products. It is also a popular dietary supplement that is sold with claims of helping people lose fat, maintain weight loss, retain lean muscle mass, and control type 2 diabetes -- the type of diabetes that is often associated with obesity.

Does CLA conjugated linoleic acid work?

In a review of 18 controlled trials, CLA was found to cause modest fat loss ( 29 ). The effects are most pronounced during the first six months, after which fat loss plateaus for up to two years. According to this paper, CLA can cause an average fat loss of 0.2 pounds (01. kg) per week for about six months.

Is CLA harmful?

CLA supplements may cause upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Risks. CLA supplements may worsen insulin resistance, or how your body absorbs sugar, in people with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Some research has also documented an increase in inflammation with the use of CLA supplements.

How much weight can you lose with CLA?

Dosage and Safety

Most studies on CLA have used doses of 3.2–6.4 grams per day. One review concluded that a minimum of 3 grams daily is necessary for weight loss ( 40 ). Doses of up to 6 grams per day are considered safe, with no reports of serious adverse side effects in people ( 41 , 42 ).

Does CLA get rid of belly fat?

Is CLA bad for your kidneys?

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is consumed widely as a supplement. It causes hepatomegaly in animals, but toxicological data in humans are limited. ... A daily intake of 19.3 g CLA for 3 weeks does not produce clinically relevant effects on markers of liver and kidney function in healthy volunteers.

Does CLA work without exercise?

CLA "reduces fat mass without exercise" Not only did the CLA group lose weight, but it also lost a significant amount of fat located in the legs and mid-section. According to Sandra Einerhand, director nutrition in Europe at Lipid Nutrition and presenter at DDW 2006, this study proves that Clarinol CLA shapes the body.

How long does it take for CLA to work?

Dosage. There are no established guidelines, but past studies show effects from at least 3 g a day. Studies on fat loss used between 3.4 g and 6.8 g a day. The ODS say CLA seems to be safe when people take up to 6 g per day for a year.

Can CLA make you gain weight?

CLA may decrease body fat. It may help people feel fuller after eating. However, it doesn't seem to lower a person's weight or BMI. For now, if you're looking to lose weight, there's not enough evidence to show that taking CLA will help

Does CLA increase testosterone?

The CLA increased the testosterone secretion only after 48 hours. CLA supplementation induced an increase in testosterone levels in Leydig cells in vitro after 48 hours but not in vivo before and after a resistance exercise bout.

Is CLA good for your heart?

Cardiovascular Disease

Results from a number of animal studies indicate that CLA has anti-atherosclerotic properties. It has been found that CLA improves blood lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol, triacylglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels and improving HDL cholesterol levels.

Will CLA keep you awake?

Can CLA raise your blood pressure?

Nevertheless, this meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials found that supplemental CLA does not affect human BP regulation. Two human trials reported BP lowering effects of CLA. Herrera discovered that CLA combined with calcium could reduce pregnancy-induced hypertension [11].

Does CLA have caffeine?

Our next generation CLA capsule contains caffeine beadlets, which slowly release caffeine for sustained benefits.

Can I take CLA and L carnitine together?

The weight loss formula is a non-stimulant powder that can be taken throughout the day or paired with a powerful fat burner to enhance its effects and speed up fat burning. The benefits don't end there Cla + Carnitine may also help boost athletic performance.

How much CLA is safe?

Does CLA cause inflammation?

Can CLA hurt your liver?

Given the lack of evidence about its safety, doctors don't recommend CLA for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. It may cause dangerous effects on the liver. It may lower HDL, or good cholesterol. Some research has also documented an increase in inflammation with the use of CLA supplements.

What is CLA from GNC?

GNC TOTAL LEAN® CLA contains 2000 mg conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) per serving made from safflower oil. CLA is a fatty acid found naturally in milk and meat products. . When taken as directed, CLA supports a healthy body composition by improving lean muscle mass*. It may also support a healthy metabolism.

What is CLA on keto?

Product description. What is KETO CLA? Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid naturally found in Dairy and Beef. Most CLA dietary supplements are made from safflower oil. Results from well-designed clinical trials suggest that KETO CLA may reduce body mass.*

Clinical Studies

^ a b Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans.
^ a b Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Synthesized Endogenously in Lactating Dairy Cows by Delta-9-Desaturase.
^ Schiavon S, et al. Effect of high or low protein ration combined or not with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on meat CLA content and quality traits of double-muscled Piemontese bulls. Meat Sci. (2011)
^ Santercole V, et al. Total lipids of Sarda sheep meat that include the fatty acid and alkenyl composition and the CLA and trans-18:1 isomers. Lipids. (2007)
^ Bölükbaşi SC. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on broiler performance, serum lipoprotein content, muscle fatty acid composition and meat quality during refrigerated storage. Br Poult Sci. (2006)
^ McCrorie TA, et al. Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements. Nutr Res Rev. (2011)
^ Sofi F, et al. Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. (2010)
^ a b c d e Raff M, et al. A diet rich in conjugated linoleic acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk markers in healthy young men. J Nutr. (2008)
^ a b Chen S, et al. Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Cancer Res. (2006)
^ Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Cancer. (1994)
^ a b c d Lee Y. Isomer specificity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): 9E,11E-CLA. Nutr Res Pract. (2008)
^ Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and content in french cheeses.
^ Lin H, et al. Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents of dairy products. J Dairy Sci. (1995)
^ a b c d e f g Sato K, et al. The change in conjugated linoleic acid concentration in blood of Japanese fed a conjugated linoleic acid diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2011)
^ Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans.
^ a b Gaullier JM, et al. Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies. Lipids. (2002)
^ a b c Herrmann J, et al. Isomer-specific effects of CLA on gene expression in human adipose tissue depending on PPARgamma2 P12A polymorphism: a double blind, randomized, controlled cross-over study. Lipids Health Dis. (2009)
^ a b Wang H, et al. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on proliferative activity of cultured neural progenitor cells. Mol Cell Biochem. (2011)
^ Treatment With Dietary trans10cis12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Specific Insulin Resistance in Obese Men With the Metabolic Syndrome.
^ a b c d Risérus U, et al. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation. (2002)
^ Risérus U, et al. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. (2002)
^ a b c d e f g h i Risérus U, et al. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. (2004)
^ Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. (2003)
^ a b c Goedecke JH, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers, t10c12 and c9t11, are differentially incorporated into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans. Lipids. (2009)
^ a b DeClercq V, Taylor CG, Zahradka P. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on blood pressure, adipocyte size and function. Br J Nutr. (2012)
^ Park Y, et al. Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids. (1999)
^ Isomer-Specific Antidiabetic Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid.
^ Noto A, et al. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreases adipocyte size and favorably modifies adipokine status and insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant rats. Metabolism. (2007)
^ DeClercq V, Zahradka P, Taylor CG. Dietary t10,c12-CLA but not c9,t11 CLA reduces adipocyte size in the absence of changes in the adipose renin-angiotensin system in fa/fa Zucker rats. Lipids. (2010)
^ a b Rahman M, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents age-associated skeletal muscle loss. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2009)
^ Kim JH, Kim J, Park Y. trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enhances Endurance Capacity by Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation and Reducing Glycogen Utilization in Mice. Lipids. (2012)
^ Rahman MM, et al. t10c12-CLA maintains higher bone mineral density during aging by modulating osteoclastogenesis and bone marrow adiposity. J Cell Physiol. (2011)
^ Ringseis R, et al. LDL receptor gene transcription is selectively induced by t10c12-CLA but not by c9t11-CLA in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2006)
^ Yuki K, et al. Isolation of 9-Hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic Acid, an Inhibitor of Fat Accumulation from Valeriana fauriei. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2012)
^ Yokoi H, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands isolated from adlay seed (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen STAPF.). Biol Pharm Bull. (2009)
^ Hattori T, et al. G2A plays proinflammatory roles in human keratinocytes under oxidative stress as a receptor for 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. J Invest Dermatol. (2008)
^ Ogawa A, et al. Identification and analysis of two splice variants of human G2A generated by alternative splicing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2010)
^ Kim YI, et al. Potent PPARα activator derived from tomato juice, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, decreases plasma and hepatic triglyceride in obese diabetic mice. PLoS One. (2012)
^ Nakamura YK, Omaye ST. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers' roles in the regulation of PPAR-gamma and NF-kappaB DNA binding and subsequent expression of antioxidant enzymes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrition. (2009)
^ Cheng WL, et al. Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inflammatory responses through the regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway. J Agric Food Chem. (2004)
^ Noone EJ, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr. (2002)
^ a b Halade GV, Rahman MM, Fernandes G. Differential effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in insulin-resistant female C57Bl/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem. (2010)
^ a b Halade GV, Rahman MM, Fernandes G. Effect of CLA isomers and their mixture on aging C57Bl/6J mice. Eur J Nutr. (2009)
^ Valeille K, et al. Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters. Br J Nutr. (2004)
^ a b Chung S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production. J Biol Chem. (2005)
^ a b Brown JM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid induces human adipocyte delipidation: autocrine/paracrine regulation of MEK/ERK signaling by adipocytokines. J Biol Chem. (2004)
^ Kennedy A, et al. Inflammation and insulin resistance induced by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid depend on intracellular calcium levels in primary cultures of human adipocytes. J Lipid Res. (2010)
^ a b c d Brown JM, et al. Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. J Lipid Res. (2003)
^ Papaetis GS, Orphanidou D, Panagiotou TN. Thiazolidinediones and type 2 diabetes: from cellular targets to cardiovascular benefit. Curr Drug Targets. (2011)
^ a b Eyjolfson V, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2004)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Thrush AB, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. (2007)
^ a b c d e f g Moloney F, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. (2004)
^ a b c d Watras AC, et al. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond). (2007)
^ a b c Syvertsen C, et al. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese. Int J Obes (Lond). (2007)
^ a b c Diaz ML, et al. Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight women. J Nutr Biochem. (2008)
^ a b c Laso N, et al. Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components. Br J Nutr. (2007)
^ a b c Joseph SV, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. J Nutr. (2011)
^ a b c Asp ML, et al. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Clin Nutr. (2011)
^ Rasooly R, et al. Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid reduces the expression of fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification enzymes in mouse liver. Br J Nutr. (2007)
^ Cooper MH, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers have no effect on atherosclerosis and adverse effects on lipoprotein and liver lipid metabolism in apoE-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis. (2008)
^ Degrace P, et al. Association of liver steatosis with lipid oversecretion and hypotriglyceridaemia in C57BL/6j mice fed trans-10,cis-12-linoleic acid. FEBS Lett. (2003)
^ a b Clément L, et al. Dietary trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse. J Lipid Res. (2002)
^ a b c d Chen SC, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population. Nutrition. (2012)
^ a b c d e Vyas D, Kadegowda AK, Erdman RA. Dietary conjugated linoleic Acid and hepatic steatosis: species-specific effects on liver and adipose lipid metabolism and gene expression. J Nutr Metab. (2012)
^ a b Moya-Camarena SY, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha. J Lipid Res. (1999)
^ a b Moya-Camarena SY, Van den Heuvel JP, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and beta subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1999)
^ a b c d e Nazare JA, et al. Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched yoghurts: effects on energy metabolism and adipose tissue gene expression in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr. (2007)
^ Evans M, et al. Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces triglyceride content while differentially affecting peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2 and aP2 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids. (2001)
^ Brown JM, et al. Trans-10, cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid attenuates lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal vascular cells from human adipose tissue. J Nutr. (2001)
^ Lau DS, Archer MC. The 10t,12c isomer of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits fatty acid synthase expression and enzyme activity in human breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. (2010)
^ a b Zabala A, et al. trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase but increases the activity of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue from hamsters fed an atherogenic diet. Br J Nutr. (2006)
^ a b Macarulla MT, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on liver composition and fatty acid oxidation are isomer-dependent in hamster. Nutrition. (2005)
^ a b Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res. (2001)
^ Kang K, et al. trans-10,cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPAR gamma expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2003)
^ Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes. (2000)
^ a b Miranda J, et al. Weak effect of trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accumulation in adult hamsters. Br J Nutr. (2009)
^ a b Lasa A, et al. The combination of resveratrol and CLA does not increase the delipidating effect of each molecule in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Hosp. (2011)
^ Chung S, et al. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases adipocyte lipolysis and alters lipid droplet-associated proteins: role of mTOR and ERK signaling. J Lipid Res. (2005)
^ Clifford GM, et al. Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin upon lipolytic stimulation during the lactation cycle of the rat. Metabolism. (2001)
^ Evans M, et al. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr. (2002)
^ Park Y, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. (1997)
^ Moon HS, et al. Down-regulation of PPARgamma2-induced adipogenesis by PEGylated conjugated linoleic acid as the pro-drug: Attenuation of lipid accumulation and reduction of apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2006)
^ Park Y, et al. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids. (1999)
^ Moya-Camarena SY, Belury MA. Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutr Rev. (1999)
^ Navarro V, et al. The body fat-lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: a comparison between animal and human studies. J Physiol Biochem. (2006)
^ Andreoli MF, et al. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid at high-fat levels on triacylglycerol regulation in mice. Nutrition. (2009)
^ a b Ide T. Interaction of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acid in affecting hepatic activity of lipogenic enzymes and gene expression in liver and adipose tissue. Diabetes. (2005)
^ a b Kamphuis MM, et al. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. (2003)
^ a b Close RN, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the 6-mo change in fat oxidation during sleep. Am J Clin Nutr. (2007)
^ a b c d Lambert EV, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals. Br J Nutr. (2007)
^ Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fat Mass in Overweight and Obese Humans.
^ Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. (2001)
^ a b c d e f Pfeuffer M, et al. CLA does not impair endothelial function and decreases body weight as compared with safflower oil in overweight and obese male subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. (2011)
^ Racine NM, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
^ a b c Norris LE, et al. Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. (2009)
^ Metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in humans: the Swedish experience.
^ a b Gaullier JM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (2004)
^ Carvalho RF, Uehara SK, Rosa G. Microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid associated with hypocaloric diet reduces body fat in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. (2012)
^ Venkatramanan S, et al. Milk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid fails to alter blood lipids or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individuals. J Am Coll Nutr. (2010)
^ Wanders AJ, et al. Effect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjects. PLoS One. (2010)
^ a b c Steck SE, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humans. J Nutr. (2007)
^ a b c Gaullier JM, et al. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans. J Nutr. (2005)
^ Malpuech-Brugère C, et al. Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes Res. (2004)
^ Ribeiro AS, et al. Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2016)
^ Larsen TM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006)
^ a b Kamphuis MM, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2003)
^ a b c d e f Sneddon AA, et al. Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin. Obesity (Silver Spring). (2008)
^ a b Blankson H, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. (2000)
^ a b Cornish SM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2009)
^ Pinkoski C, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2006)
^ Kreider RB, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res. (2002)
^ a b Macaluso F, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res. (2012)
^ Grube BJ, et al. White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. J Nutr. (2001)
^ a b c Tsuyama S, et al. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modifies the brain endocannabinoid system in mice. Nutr Neurosci. (2009)
^ Katakura M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neuronal differentiation by regulating basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and cell cycle in neural stem cells. Neuroscience. (2009)
^ a b c d e Hunt WT, et al. Protection of cortical neurons from excitotoxicity by conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem. (2010)
^ Joo NE, Park CS. Inhibition of excitotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons by a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Pharmacol Res. (2003)
^ a b c Taylor JS, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2006)
^ Engberink MF, et al. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid, a natural trans fat from milk and meat, on human blood pressure: results from a randomized crossover feeding study. J Hum Hypertens. (2012)
^ Raff M, et al. Diets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young men. J Nutr. (2006)
^ Reassessment of the antioxidant activity of conjugated linoleic acids.
^ Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative stress.
^ Antioxidant effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in isolated human low-density lipoproteins.
^ Santos-Zago LF, Botelho AP, de Oliveira AC. Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats. Lipids. (2007)
^ a b Smedman A, Vessby B, Basu S. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans: regulation by alpha-tocopherol and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Sci (Lond). (2004)
^ a b Smit LA, et al. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. J Nutr. (2011)
^ Tholstrup T, et al. An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. (2008)
^ Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett. (2000)
^ Turpeinen AM, et al. Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy. Br J Nutr. (2008)
^ Basu S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). (2000)
^ a b Iannone A, et al. Impairment of 8-iso-PGF(2ALPHA) isoprostane metabolism by dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2009)
^ Banni S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) as precursors of a distinct family of PUFA. Lipids. (2004)
^ Martinez K, Kennedy A, McIntosh MK. JNK inhibition by SP600125 attenuates trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid-mediated regulation of inflammatory and lipogenic gene expression. Lipids. (2011)
^ Suzawa M, et al. Cytokines suppress adipogenesis and PPAR-gamma function through the TAK1/TAB1/NIK cascade. Nat Cell Biol. (2003)
^ Ruan H, Pownall HJ, Lodish HF. Troglitazone antagonizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced reprogramming of adipocyte gene expression by inhibiting the transcriptional regulatory functions of NF-kappaB. J Biol Chem. (2003)
^ Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is not necessary for, but antagonizes, 3T3-L1 adipocytic differentiation.
^ Adams M, et al. Transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is inhibited by phosphorylation at a consensus mitogen-activated protein kinase site. J Biol Chem. (1997)
^ Ruan H, et al. Profiling gene transcription in vivo reveals adipose tissue as an immediate target of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: implications for insulin resistance. Diabetes. (2002)
^ Marks DJ. Defective innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a Crohn's disease exclusivity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. (2011)
^ Ioannidis O, et al. Nutritional modulation of the inflammatory bowel response. Digestion. (2011)
^ Kong SC, et al. The Incidence of self-prescribed oral complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol. (2005)
^ Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2010)
^ Rousseaux C, et al. Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Exp Med. (2005)
^ a b Lewis JD, et al. Rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. (2008)
^ Hontecillas R, et al. Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr. (2002)
^ Yu Y, Correll PH, Vanden Heuvel JP. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2002)
^ Bassaganya-Riera J, et al. Activation of PPAR gamma and delta by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. (2004)
^ a b Bassaganya-Riera J, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates immune responses in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease. Clin Nutr. (2012)
^ Lewis JD, et al. An open-label trial of the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. (2001)
^ Kelley DS, et al. Flaxseed oil prevents trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid-induced insulin resistance in mice. Br J Nutr. (2009)
^ Kelley DS, et al. Fatty acid composition of liver, adipose tissue, spleen, and heart of mice fed diets containing t10, c12-, and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2006)
^ El-Badry AM, Graf R, Clavien PA. Omega 3 - Omega 6: What is right for the liver. J Hepatol. (2007)
^ Ahrén B, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid plus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin secretion and estimated insulin sensitivity in men. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2009)
^ a b Hu X, et al. Combination of fucoxanthin and conjugated linoleic acid attenuates body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2012)
^ a b Kennedy A, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes are attenuated by resveratrol. J Lipid Res. (2009)
^ Arias N, et al. The combination of resveratrol and conjugated linoleic acid is not useful in preventing obesity. J Physiol Biochem. (2011)
^ Whigham LD, et al. Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans. Food Chem Toxicol. (2004)
^ Hasin A, et al. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women. Lipids. (2007)
Iwata T, et al. Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteers. J Oleo Sci. (2007)
Smedman A, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjects. Br J Nutr. (2005)
Stickford JL, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid's lack of attenuation of hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals in the short term. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2011)
Colakoglu S, et al. Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2006)
Sluijs I, et al. Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
Kim J, et al. Eight weeks of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no effect on antioxidant status in healthy overweight/obese Korean individuals. Eur J Nutr. (2012)
Tricon S, et al. Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006)
Kuhnt K, et al. Dietary supplementation with 11trans- and 12trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006)
Wanders AJ, et al. A high intake of conjugated linoleic acid does not affect liver and kidney function tests in healthy human subjects. Food Chem Toxicol. (2010)