Blueberry

July 9, 2020

OVERVIEW

Blueberry is a plant. The fruit is commonly eaten as a food. Some people also use the fruit and leaves to make medicine.

Be careful not to confuse blueberry with bilberry. Outside of the United States, the name "blueberry" may be used for a plant called "bilberry" in the U.S.

Blueberry is used for ageing, memory and thinking skills (cognitive function), and many other conditions, but there is limited scientific evidence to support any of these uses.

CLASSIFICATION

Is a Form of:
Plant

Primary Function:
Aging, memory, thinking skills

Also Known As:
Arándano, Bleuet, Bleuet des Champs, Bleuet des Montagnes, Bleuets, Blueberries, Highbush Blueberry

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Blueberry, like its relative the cranberry, might help prevent bladder infections by stopping bacteria from attaching to the walls of the bladder. Blueberry fruit is high in fiber which could help normal digestive function. It also contains vitamin C and other antioxidants. Blueberry also contains chemicals that might reduce swelling and destroy cancer cells.

USES

High blood pressure. Most research shows that taking blueberry does not reduce blood pressure.
Decline in memory and thinking skills that occurs normally with age. Some research shows that taking blueberry daily for 3-6 months might help improve some thinking and memory tests in adults over 60 years of age. However, most tests for thinking and memory do not change. If there is a benefit, it is probably small.
Aging. Some research shows that eating frozen blueberries can improve foot placement and balance in elderly people. However, other research shows that eating blueberries does not help with these things. Also, eating blueberries doesn't seem to improve strength or walking speed in elderly people.
Athletic performance. Early research shows that taking dried blueberries doesn't help people run faster or make running feel easier. But it might help maintain strength 30 minutes after the run.
Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function). Early research shows that taking a single dose of blueberry may improve some types of learning in children ages 7-10 years. But it doesn't help with most types of learning and it doesn't help children read better.
Depression. Some people that have a clot in one of the vessels in the brain may experience depression. In those people with depression, they may be more likely to have infections in the GI tract. Some research suggests that taking blueberry extract daily for 90 days can reduce symptoms of depression and also reduce infections in this group of people.
High levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Early research shows that taking a single dose of blueberry leaf extract might help to reduce levels of fats in the blood after a meal in people with this condition.
Arthritis in children (juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Early research shows that drinking blueberry juice daily while using the medication etanercept reduces symptoms of arthritis in children better than the medication alone. Drinking blueberry juice might also reduce side effects caused by etanercept.
A grouping of symptoms that increase the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke (metabolic syndrome). Taking dried blueberries does not help improve most symptoms of metabolic syndrome. But it might help to improve blood flow in some people.
Bad circulation.
Cancer.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
Constipation.
Diarrhea.
Fever.
Hemorrhoids
Labor pains.
Multiple sclerosis (MS).
Peyronie disease (build-up of scar tissue in the penis).
Preventing cataracts and glaucoma.
Sore throat.
Ulcers.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Varicose veins.

RECOMMENDED DOSING

The appropriate dose of blueberry depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for blueberry. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

What are blueberry supplements good for?
In natural medicine, blueberry extract is said to have a number of health benefits. It is said to boost the health of blood vessels and is often used to treat or prevent the following conditions: Age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease

Is it bad to eat blueberries every day?
Eating blueberries every day improves heart health. Summary: Eating a cup of blueberries a day reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease -- according to a new study. Eating 150g of blueberries daily reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 15 per cent.

Are blueberries bad for you?
Blueberries Protect Cholesterol in Your Blood from Becoming Damaged. In fact, oxidation of “bad” LDL cholesterol is a crucial step in the heart disease process. The antioxidants in blueberries are strongly linked to reduced levels of oxidized LDL. This makes blueberries very good for your heart.

Are blueberries high in sugar?
Blueberries contain moderate amounts of sugar — or 15 grams per cup (148 grams). However, they don't have adverse effects on blood sugar levels, which may be due to their high content of bioactive compounds.

How many blueberries should I eat a day?
Eating a cup of blueberries, a day reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease -- according to a new study. Eating 150g of blueberries daily reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 15 per cent.

Do blueberries have side effects?
When taken by mouth: Blueberry fruit is LIKELY SAFE for most people when consumed in the amounts found in food. There isn't enough reliable information to know if taking blueberry leaf is safe or what the side effects might be.

Can you gain weight eating blueberries?
Eating strawberries, blueberries or apples can help dieters to lose weight in the long term, Harvard Medical School has claimed. Scientists at Harvard University found that upping daily intake of fruit actually prevents weight gain, even when eating the same amount of calories.

Are blueberries anti-aging?
Blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, acai—all berries are wonderful for your skin and the prevention of aging. According to a study published by Tufts University, anthocyanins not only prevent aging, but assist in improvement of overall mood.

Are blueberries good for hair?
Blueberries: Blueberries are one of nature's healthiest fruits. Blueberries also have a ton of vitamin C, which is essential for healthy hair, since it feeds the tiny hair follicles in your scalp. Without adequate vitamin C, your hair can break more easily.

Can a person eat too many blueberries?
Excessive fruit intake can also cause stomach upset in some individuals. In fact, heartburn, diarrhea, reflux, and bloating are all potential side effects of eating too much fruit, according to Bruning. The idea of eating that many blueberries over the course of one day might make a competitive eater queasy.

Do blueberries have a laxative effect?
Berries. Most varieties of berries are relatively high in fiber, making them a great choice as a mild natural laxative. Insoluble fiber does not absorb water, but moves through the body intact, increasing the bulk of stool for easier passage.

Are blueberries bad for dogs?
Yes, dogs can eat blueberries. Blueberries are a great source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and more. This fruit is a healthy snack for both large and small dogs, and most pups love them.

Do blueberries boost metabolism?
Metabolism-Boosting Powers: Berries, such as blueberries and strawberries, are low in calories and high in fiber, a key factor in weight control.

Do blueberries cause belly fat?
Recent study findings suggest that blueberries may influence genes which regulate fat-burning and storage, helping reduce abdominal fat and lower cholesterol. When combined with a low-fat diet, blueberries might also lower triglycerides and improve blood sugar levels, each benefits of a comprehensive weight loss plan.

Do blueberries flatten your stomach?
Berries. Berries could be your secret weapon in achieving your flat belly goals. Research has found that going for red or blue coloured fruit (think cherries, blueberries, blackberries and red grapes) can help you lose that unwanted belly fat.

Are blueberries a Superfood?
Blueberries, an Antioxidant Superfood
Packed with antioxidants and phytoflavinoids, these berries are also high in potassium and vitamin C, making them the top choice of doctors and nutritionists. Not only can they lower your risk of heart disease and cancer, they are also anti-inflammatory.

Do blueberries really help your memory?
Eating blueberries and strawberries staves off memory decline, study suggests. (CBS News) Berries might provide a safe and easy way to boost brain power, a new study suggests. The study from Harvard researchers shows eating berries could stave off the cognitive decline and memory loss that comes with aging.

Do blueberries prevent Alzheimer's?
Blueberries, already classified as a “superfruit” for its health boosting properties, could now also help fight dementia, new research suggests. The study shows the berry, which can potentially lower the risk of heart disease and cancer, could also be a weapon in the battle against Alzheimer's disease.

CLINICAL STUDIES

^ a b Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa M, et al. Oxidative stress status in an institutionalised elderly group after the intake of a phenolic-rich dessert. Br J Nutr. (2004)
^ Antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fluid products as affected by fermentation.
^ Deng J, et al. Effects of cold storage and 1-methylcyclopropene treatments on ripening and cell wall degrading in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fruit. Food Sci Technol Int. (2013)
^ Takami Y, et al. Proanthocyanidin derived from the leaves of Vaccinium virgatum suppresses platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of the human hepatic stellate cell line LI90. Hepatol Res. (2010)
^ Bobiwash K, Schultz ST, Schoen DJ. Somatic deleterious mutation rate in a woody plant: estimation from phenotypic data. Heredity (Edinb). (2013)
^ Hidalgo C, et al. Acetobacter strains isolated during the acetification of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) wine. Lett Appl Microbiol. (2013)
^ a b c d Gustafson SJ, et al. A nonpolar blueberry fraction blunts NADPH oxidase activation in neuronal cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α. Oxid Med Cell Longev. (2012)
^ Ortiz J, et al. Color, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.), Blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.), and Apple Wines from Ecuador. J Food Sci. (2013)
^ a b c Lopera YE, et al. Antioxidant Activity and Cardioprotective Effect of a Nonalcoholic Extract of Vaccinium meridionale Swartz during Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2013)
^ Elisabetta B, et al. Nutritional profile and productivity of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in different habitats of a protected area of the eastern Italian Alps. J Food Sci. (2013)
^ a b Sekizawa H, et al. Relationship between polyphenol content and anti-influenza viral effects of berries. J Sci Food Agric. (2013)
^ Antioxidant Activities and Anti-Cancer Cell Proliferation Properties of Natsuhaze (Vaccinium oldhamii Miq.), Shashanbo (V. bracteatum Thunb.) and Blueberry Cultivars.
^ Kondo M, et al. Ursolic acid and its esters: occurrence in cranberries and other Vaccinium fruit and effects on matrix metalloproteinase activity in DU145 prostate tumor cells. J Sci Food Agric. (2011)
^ Flores G, et al. Antioxidants of therapeutic relevance in COPD from the neotropical blueberry Anthopterus wardii. Food Chem. (2012)
^ Chen L, et al. Phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of various colored berries. J Sci Food Agric. (2013)
^ a b c d Borges G, et al. Identification of flavonoid and phenolic antioxidants in black currants, blueberries, raspberries, red currants, and cranberries. J Agric Food Chem. (2010)
^ Gavrilova V, et al. Separation, characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds in blueberries and red and black currants by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. J Agric Food Chem. (2011)
^ a b Prior RL, et al. Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. (2001)
^ Taruscio TG, Barney DL, Exon J. Content and profile of flavanoid and phenolic acid compounds in conjunction with the antioxidant capacity for a variety of northwest Vaccinium berries. J Agric Food Chem. (2004)
^ a b Rodriguez-Mateos A, et al. Procyanidin, Anthocyanin, and Chlorogenic Acid Contents of Highbush and Lowbush Blueberries. J Agric Food Chem. (2012)
^ Changes in Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics During Juice Processing of Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).
^ Quantitation and Distribution of Simple and Acylated Anthocyanins and Other Phenolics in Blueberries.
^ Flavonoid glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry, blueberry and red grape genotypes determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Yousef GG, et al. Efficient Quantification of the Health-Relevant Anthocyanin and Phenolic Acid Profiles in Commercial Cultivars and Breeding Selections of Blueberries ( Vaccinium spp.). J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
^ Anthocyanin composition and content of blueberries from around the world.
^ a b Antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in peel and flesh of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivars.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Carey AN, et al. Stilbenes and Anthocyanins Reduce Stress Signaling in BV-2 Mouse Microglia. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
^ a b c d e f g h i Rendeiro C, et al. Dietary levels of pure flavonoids improve spatial memory performance and increase hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. PLoS One. (2013)
^ Lashmanova KA, Kuzivanova OA, Dymova OV. Northern berries as a source of carotenoids. Acta Biochim Pol. (2012)
^ Paul S, et al. Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the beta-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis. (2010)
^ a b Gu L, et al. Fractionation of polymeric procyanidins from lowbush blueberry and quantification of procyanidins in selected foods with an optimized normal-phase HPLC-MS fluorescent detection method. J Agric Food Chem. (2002)
^ Chemical Composition of Lowbush Blueberry Cultivars.
^ a b Hicks JM, et al. Quantification of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside directly from crude blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) leaf extract by NMR spectroscopy analysis: single-laboratory validation. J AOAC Int. (2012)
^ a b Nagao K, et al. Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2008)
^ a b c Chemical constituents of the leaves of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) and characterisation of polymeric proanthocyanidins containing phenylpropanoid units and A-type linkages.
^ a b c d e Yuji K, et al. Effect of dietary blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) leaves on serum and hepatic lipid levels in rats. J Oleo Sci. (2013)
^ Inoue N, et al. Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaf extracts on lipid metabolism in obese OLETF rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2011)
^ Sakaida H, et al. Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vitro and on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2007)
^ a b Del Bo' C, et al. Blanching improves anthocyanin absorption from highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) purée in healthy human volunteers: a pilot study. J Agric Food Chem. (2012)
^ Sablani SS, et al. Effect of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries. J Sci Food Agric. (2010)
^ Brambilla A, et al. Steam-blanched highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) juice: phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity in relation to cultivar selection. J Agric Food Chem. (2008)
^ Impact of high pressure processing on total antioxidant activity, phenolic, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin content and colour of strawberry and blackberry purées.
^ a b Fracassetti D, et al. Effect of Time and storage temperature on anthocyanin decay and antioxidant activity in wild blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium ) powder. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
^ Buckow R, et al. Pressure and temperature effects on degradation kinetics and storage stability of total anthocyanins in blueberry juice. J Agric Food Chem. (2010)
^ Srivastava A, et al. Effect of storage conditions on the biological activity of phenolic compounds of blueberry extract packed in glass bottles. J Agric Food Chem. (2007)
^ Connor AM, et al. Changes in fruit antioxidant activity among blueberry cultivars during cold-temperature storage. J Agric Food Chem. (2002)
^ Kalt W, et al. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits. J Agric Food Chem. (1999)
^ Zheng Y, et al. Effect of high-oxygen atmospheres on blueberry phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. (2003)
^ Effect of heating on the stability of grape and blueberry pomace procyanidins and total anthocyanins.
^ Bener M, et al. Release and Degradation of Anthocyanins and Phenolics from Blueberry Pomace during Thermal Acid Hydrolysis and Dry Heating. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
^ Blueberry and Grape Anthocyanins as Breakfast Cereal Colorants.
^ Yue X, Xu Z. Changes of anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and antioxidant activity in bilberry extract during dry heating. J Food Sci. (2008)
^ a b c d e Goyarzu P, et al. Blueberry supplemented diet: effects on object recognition memory and nuclear factor-kappa B levels in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci. (2004)
^ a b Aires DJ, et al. Potentiation of dietary restriction-induced lifespan extension by polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2012)
^ Kamonpatana K, et al. Susceptibility of anthocyanins to ex vivo degradation in human saliva. Food Chem. (2012)
^ Marczylo TH, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent cyanidin-3-glucoside in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. (2009)
^ Cao G, Prior RL. Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract. Clin Chem. (1999)
^ Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study.
^ a b c d Del Bo C, et al. A single portion of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L) improves protection against DNA damage but not vascular function in healthy male volunteers. Nutr Res. (2013)
^ a b Wilms LC, et al. Impact of multiple genetic polymorphisms on effects of a 4-week blueberry juice intervention on ex vivo induced lymphocytic DNA damage in human volunteers. Carcinogenesis. (2007)
^ a b Xu J, et al. Intake of Blueberry Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum Affects the Gut Microbiota of L-NAME Treated Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2013)
^ a b Martin SJ, Clark RE. The rodent hippocampus and spatial memory: from synapses to systems. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2007)
^ Shankar S, Teyler TJ, Robbins N. Aging differentially alters forms of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal area CA1. J Neurophysiol. (1998)
^ Rosenzweig ES, Barnes CA. Impact of aging on hippocampal function: plasticity, network dynamics, and cognition. Prog Neurobiol. (2003)
^ Eckles-Smith K, et al. Caloric restriction prevents age-related deficits in LTP and in NMDA receptor expression. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. (2000)
^ Clayton DA, Browning MD. Deficits in the expression of the NR2B subunit in the hippocampus of aged Fisher 344 rats. Neurobiol Aging. (2001)
^ Barnes CA, Rao G, Shen J. Age-related decrease in the N-methyl-D-aspartateR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential in hippocampal region CA1. Neurobiol Aging. (1997)
^ a b Coultrap SJ, Bickford PC, Browning MD. Blueberry-enriched diet ameliorates age-related declines in NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. Age (Dordr). (2008)
^ Joseph JA, et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci. (1999)
^ a b c d Vuong T, et al. Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of biotransformed blueberry juice in KKA(y) mice. Int J Obes (Lond). (2009)
^ a b Clegg ME, et al. The addition of raspberries and blueberries to a starch-based food does not alter the glycaemic response. Br J Nutr. (2011)
^ a b Lau FC, Bielinski DF, Joseph JA. Inhibitory effects of blueberry extract on the production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV2 microglia. J Neurosci Res. (2007)
^ Kong Y, Le Y. Toll-like receptors in inflammation of the central nervous system. Int Immunopharmacol. (2011)
^ a b Chakraborty S, et al. Inflammasome signaling at the heart of central nervous system pathology. J Neurosci Res. (2010)
^ a b Tammariello SP, Quinn MT, Estus S. NADPH oxidase contributes directly to oxidative stress and apoptosis in nerve growth factor-deprived sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. (2000)
^ Barth BM, Gustafson SJ, Kuhn TB. Neutral sphingomyelinase activation precedes NADPH oxidase-dependent damage in neurons exposed to the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. J Neurosci Res. (2012)
^ a b Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. (2007)
^ a b c d Shukitt-Hale B, et al. Blueberry polyphenols attenuate kainic acid-induced decrements in cognition and alter inflammatory gene expression in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci. (2008)
^ Salminen A, et al. Activation of innate immunity system during aging: NF-kB signaling is the molecular culprit of inflamm-aging. Ageing Res Rev. (2008)
^ a b Rendeiro C, et al. Blueberry supplementation induces spatial memory improvements and region-specific regulation of hippocampal BDNF mRNA expression in young rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2012)
^ Joseph JA, et al. Cellular and behavioral effects of stilbene resveratrol analogues: implications for reducing the deleterious effects of aging. J Agric Food Chem. (2008)
^ Andres-Lacueva C, et al. Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory. Nutr Neurosci. (2005)
^ Blueberry-induced changes in spatial working memory correlate with changes in hippocampal CREB phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels.
^ Krikorian R, et al. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br J Nutr. (2010)
^ Krikorian R, et al. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults. J Agric Food Chem. (2010)
^ Cassidy A, et al. High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women. Circulation. (2013)
^ a b c Ahmet I, et al. Blueberry-enriched diet protects rat heart from ischemic damage. PLoS One. (2009)
^ Survival and Cardioprotective Benefits of Long-Term Blueberry Enriched Diet in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Following Myocardial Infarction in Rats.
^ Zorov DB, et al. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced ROS release: a new phenomenon accompanying induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in cardiac myocytes. J Exp Med. (2000)
^ Gunter TE, Pfeiffer DR. Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium. Am J Physiol. (1990)
^ Crompton M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death. Biochem J. (1999)
^ a b Elks CM, et al. A blueberry-enriched diet attenuates nephropathy in a rat model of hypertension via reduction in oxidative stress. PLoS One. (2011)
^ Shaughnessy KS, et al. Diets containing blueberry extract lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Nutr Res. (2009)
^ Horrigan LA, et al. Blueberry juice causes potent relaxation of rat aortic rings via the activation of potassium channels and the H₂S pathway. Food Funct. (2013)
^ a b c d e f g Basu A, et al. Blueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr. (2010)
^ Johnson SA, et al. Daily blueberry consumption improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Acad Nutr Diet. (2015)
^ a b Anthocyanins as Antioxidants on Human Low-Density Lipoprotein and Lecithin−Liposome Systems.
^ a b Antioxidant Activity of Berry Phenolics on Human Low-Density Lipoprotein and Liposome Oxidation.
^ a b Blacker BC, et al. Consumption of blueberries with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat breakfast decreases postprandial serum markers of oxidation. Br J Nutr. (2013)
^ a b c d Stull AJ, et al. Bioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and women. J Nutr. (2010)
^ a b Çoban J, et al. Effect of blueberry feeding on lipids and oxidative stress in the serum, liver and aorta of Guinea pigs fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2013)
^ Wu X, et al. Dietary blueberries attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression. J Nutr. (2010)
^ Matsui T, et al. alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 2. alpha-Glucosidase inhibition by isolated acylated anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem. (2001)
^ Flores FP, et al. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of blueberry anthocyanins prepared using different solvents. J Agric Food Chem. (2013)
^ Johnson MH, et al. Cultivar evaluation and effect of fermentation on antioxidant capacity and in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corombosum). J Agric Food Chem. (2011)
^ McDougall GJ, et al. Different polyphenolic components of soft fruits inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. J Agric Food Chem. (2005)
^ Kay CD, Holub BJ. The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Br J Nutr. (2002)
^ Abidov M, et al. Effect of Blueberin on fasting glucose, C-reactive protein and plasma aminotransferases, in female volunteers with diabetes type 2: double-blind, placebo controlled clinical study. Georgian Med News. (2006)
^ a b Moghe SS, et al. Effect of blueberry polyphenols on 3T3-F442A preadipocyte differentiation. J Med Food. (2012)
^ a b Seymour EM, et al. Blueberry intake alters skeletal muscle and adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity and reduces insulin resistance in obese rats. J Med Food. (2011)
^ Surmi BK, Hasty AH. Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue: initiation, propagation and remodeling. Future Lipidol. (2008)
^ Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. (2007)
^ Cinti S, et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res. (2005)
^ Murano I, et al. Dead adipocytes, detected as crown-like structures, are prevalent in visceral fat depots of genetically obese mice. J Lipid Res. (2008)
^ Atalay M, et al. Anti-angiogenic property of edible berry in a model of hemangioma. FEBS Lett. (2003)
^ a b c DeFuria J, et al. Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. J Nutr. (2009)
^ a b Vendrame S, et al. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption improves inflammatory status in the obese Zucker rat model of the metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem. (2013)
^ a b Prior RL, et al. Purified blueberry anthocyanins and blueberry juice alter development of obesity in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet. J Agric Food Chem. (2010)
^ a b c Prior RL, et al. Purified berry anthocyanins but not whole berries normalize lipid parameters in mice fed an obesogenic high fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2009)
^ a b McLeay Y, et al. Effect of New Zealand blueberry consumption on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2012)
^ a b Zhang J, et al. Feeding blueberry diets in early life prevent senescence of osteoblasts and bone loss in ovariectomized adult female rats. PLoS One. (2011)
^ Kulak CA, Bilezikian JP. Osteoporosis: preventive strategies. Int J Fertil Womens Med. (1998)
^ Chen JR, et al. Dietary-induced serum phenolic acids promote bone growth via p38 MAPK/β-catenin canonical Wnt signaling. J Bone Miner Res. (2010)
^ a b c Ravoori S, et al. Inhibition of estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis by blueberry and black raspberry. J Agric Food Chem. (2012)
^ a b c Aiyer HS, Gupta RC. Berries and ellagic acid prevent estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis by modulating enzymes of estrogen metabolism. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). (2010)
^ Extraction, stability, and quantitation of ellagic acid in various fruits and nuts.
^ Larrosa M, et al. Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora, exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. J Agric Food Chem. (2006)
^ Schmitt E, Stopper H. Estrogenic activity of naturally occurring anthocyanidins. Nutr Cancer. (2001)
^ Sichel G, et al. In vitro scavenger activity of some flavonoids and melanins against O2-(.). Free Radic Biol Med. (1991)
^ a b c Tsuda T, et al. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the active oxygen radical scavenging effect of anthocyanin pigments isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Biochem Pharmacol. (1996)
^ Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity of Anthocyanins.
^ Plant Flavonoids, Especially Tea Flavonols, Are Powerful Antioxidants Using an in Vitro Oxidation Model for Heart Disease.
^ van Acker SA, et al. Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1995)
^ Bornsek SM, et al. Bilberry and blueberry anthocyanins act as powerful intracellular antioxidants in mammalian cells. Food Chem. (2012)
^ a b c Kavitha K, et al. Chemopreventive effects of diverse dietary phytochemicals against DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis via the induction of Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective antioxidant, detoxification, and DNA repair enzymes. Biochimie. (2013)
^ a b Wang YP, et al. Effects of blueberry on hepatic fibrosis and transcription factor Nrf2 in rats. World J Gastroenterol. (2010)
^ Wang YP, et al. Effect of blueberry on hepatic and immunological functions in mice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. (2010)
^ Kaspar JW, Niture SK, Jaiswal AK. Nrf2:INrf2 (Keap1) signaling in oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. (2009)
^ Ma Q, He X. Molecular basis of electrophilic and oxidative defense: promises and perils of Nrf2. Pharmacol Rev. (2012)
^ Ade N, et al. HMOX1 and NQO1 genes are upregulated in response to contact sensitizers in dendritic cells and THP-1 cell line: role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Sci. (2009)
^ Liu W, et al. Cytosolic protection against ultraviolet induced DNA damage by blueberry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Biotechnol Lett. (2013)
^ Hu R, et al. Gene expression profiles induced by cancer chemopreventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane in the liver of C57BL/6J mice and C57BL/6J/Nrf2 (-/-) mice. Cancer Lett. (2006)
^ Riso P, et al. Effect of a wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) drink intervention on markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function in humans with cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Nutr. (2013)
^ McAnulty LS, et al. Effect of blueberry ingestion on natural killer cell counts, oxidative stress, and inflammation prior to and after 2.5 h of running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. (2011)
^ Bingül I, et al. Effect of blueberry pretreatment on diethylnitrosamine-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. (2013)
^ Wang Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of blueberry juice enhances hepatic expression of metallothionein and attenuates liver fibrosis in rats. PLoS One. (2013)
^ Strömberg I, et al. Blueberry- and spirulina-enriched diets enhance striatal dopamine recovery and induce a rapid, transient microglia activation after injury of the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system. Exp Neurol. (2005)
^ Wang Y, et al. Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol. (2005)
^ a b c Bickford PC, et al. Nutraceuticals synergistically promote proliferation of human stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. (2006)
^ Acosta S, et al. NT-020, a natural therapeutic approach to optimize spatial memory performance and increase neural progenitor cell proliferation and decrease inflammation in the aged rat. Rejuvenation Res. (2010)
^ a b Spirulina Promotes Stem Cell Genesis and Protects against LPS Induced Declines in Neural Stem Cell Proliferation.
^ Yasuhara T, et al. Dietary supplementation exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke model. Rejuvenation Res. (2008)
^ Shytle RD, et al. Oxidative stress of neural, hematopoietic, and stem cells: protection by natural compounds. Rejuvenation Res. (2007)
^ Sakakibara S, et al. Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2006)
^ Kim JY, et al. Oxidation of fatty acid may be enhanced by a combination of pomegranate fruit phytochemicals and acetic acid in HepG2 cells. Nutr Res Pract. (2013)
Ashraf R, et al. Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci. (2013)
Ried K, Toben C, Fakler P. Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. (2013)
Hou LQ, Liu YH, Zhang YY. Garlic intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2015)
Bowtell JL, et al. Enhanced task-related brain activation and resting perfusion in healthy older adults after chronic blueberry supplementation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. (2017)
Whyte AR, Schafer G, Williams CM. Cognitive effects following acute wild blueberry supplementation in 7- to 10-year-old children. Eur J Nutr. (2016)
Potential health benefits of spirulina microalgae.
Characterization of Spirulina Biomass for CELSS Diet Potential.
Vitamin A.
Marles RJ, et al. United States pharmacopeia safety evaluation of spirulina. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2011)
Wu Q, et al. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol. (2016)
Serban MC, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr. (2016)
Kerley CP. Dietary nitrate as modulator of physical performance and cardiovascular health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2017)
Siervo M, et al. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. (2013)